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Making e-learning effective worldwide: Achieve real learning success with professional localisation

Posted on: November 27th, 2025 by Frank Wöhrle No Comments

E-learning is considered a central pillar of continuing professional development in many companies – from global onboarding courses to complex product training. At the same time, projects repeatedly face similar challenges: Content that works extremely well in the country of origin loses its impact in other markets, is misunderstood or simply not used. The reason for this rarely lies in the didactic concept itself, but rather in the type and quality of localisation.

Why companies rely on e-learning

From a business perspective, numerous factors speak in favour of digital learning formats. Employees can learn flexibly – regardless of location, time zone and device, which suits geographically dispersed teams.

E-learning supports independent learning at any time: Content is available on demand, without having to rely on specific training dates. Thanks to their modular setup, learning units can be clearly structured, specifically combined and, if necessary, updated gradually.

Another advantage is that the learning pace is down to each individual: Employees can pause, repeat or delve deeper into complex content without disrupting anyone else’s flow. In addition, digital training makes it possible to create customised learning content – tailored to specific roles, regions or target groups within the company.

Multimedia elements such as videos, animations, interactive exercises and quizzes create a rich learning experience and increase engagement. Offering content in multiple languages contributes significantly to accessibility and, for international workforces, makes real headway in terms of removing barriers to learning.

Ultimately, when these factors are successfully implemented, they lead to increased learning success – measurable in terms of knowledge transfer, application in daily work and reduced error rates.

Complexity of modern e-learning formats

In practice, it quickly becomes apparent that e-learning courses are significantly more complex than traditional training materials. A typical module includes slides or screen recordings, embedded videos, spoken commentary, subtitles and interactive elements such as quizzes, conversation simulations and the like.

When it comes to localisation, this means that content to be translated is not contained in a single file or format, but is distributed across a variety of authoring tools such as Adobe Captivate, Articulate Storyline, Articulate Rise, iSpring, Elucidat, Lectora etc., SCORM packages, video and audio scripts, and, where necessary, external sources (e.g. course descriptions, content in files linked to the course, where applicable) and, in some cases (video and audio scripts), still need to be transcribed before localisation. In addition, there are technical requirements – such as support for character sets, space restrictions in buttons, and synchronising subtitles and voiceovers.

Underestimating the complexity of this process often leads to problems during the project: Missing text exports, texts with similar content in different formats, untranslated UI elements or videos that have to be edited retrospectively at great expense. For a localisation process to run smoothly, therefore, a structured approach that takes all components into account from the outset is crucial.

Learning in your native language: an efficiency factor

From a didactic perspective, it is well documented that learning content is best internalised when delivered in one’s own mother tongue. Learners then need to expend less cognitive effort in understanding the language and can concentrate more on content, context and application.

This is particularly important when dealing with complex, security-related or legal issues in order to avoid misunderstandings and misinterpretations. Emotional access also plays a role: Language can influence how credible, esteemed and motivating a training course is perceived to be.

For companies, this means that even employees with good foreign language skills benefit from training in their native language – namely, by making faster and more stable progress in their learning. Those who systematically utilise these positive consequences are able to significantly increase the effectiveness of global learning programmes and, at the same time, justify the investment in localisation.

 

Lektorin sitzt lächelnd mit Headset an Schreibtisch in modernem Büro.

The role of professional specialist translations in e-learning localisation

In order for e-learning courses in other languages to achieve the same learning objectives as the original, a basic word-for-word translation simply cannot do the job.
Native-speaking specialist translators combine linguistic competence with industry knowledge and are familiar with the terminology and common phrases used in their respective fields of expertise.

They ensure that technical terms are used consistently, instructions are clear and action-oriented, and didactic subtleties are preserved.
At the same time, they adapt examples, metaphors or references if these are not readily translatable with regard to either culture or context.

Professional translation therefore makes a significant contribution to learning objectives being achieved quickly: Content is easier to understand, easier to remember and more likely to be put into practice.
A clearly defined terminology and review process also supports company-wide consistency, both in terms of corporate documentation and individual learning outcomes. This is especially the case when dealing with a vast number of courses and a multitude of languages.

The importance of professionally localised audio and video

Audio and video are key carriers of information and sources of motivation in modern e-learning courses – and pose particular challenges for localisation.
Voiceover texts must be translated in such a way that they match the visual material in terms of tone, length and rhythm, while at the same time being technically accurate.

For voiceovers, you also need to select suitable narrators or satisfactory AI software to suit your corporate image and target audience.
In addition to the voice, elements such as the narrator’s gender, age, pronunciation quality, accent and/or dialect, and any background sound such as music, etc., are crucial in order to avoid misunderstandings and convey an entirely professional feel.

The client’s specifications regarding desired pronunciation, use of abbreviations, accessible (i.e. gender-neutral) language, and so on, are essential, as the client’s satisfaction will be strongly tied to how well these requests are implemented.

Subtitles, on the other hand, must be precise, easy to read and synchronised with the spoken word. The wording must be concise as well as complete, with some rephrasing required.
Last but not least, visual elements – such as text overlays or UI screens – may need to be adapted to ensure that they remain understandable in the target language and fit in with the design in terms of form.

Licence for e-learning

Last but not least, when using human voices for voiceovers, the customer must also clarify the intended use and reach. Are the e-learning courses with voiceover to be used exclusively internally or also publicly? Are there any plans to sell the courses commercially to third parties?
Depending on the type of transmission and the type of media/rights usage, the recording studio involved in the project may charge a licence fee per voice artist used. In most cases, these are flat fees with indefinite validity.

Summary: Localisation as an integral part of the e-learning strategy

E-learning can only reach its full potential when content is tailored to the specific language and culture.
Companies wishing to roll out e-learning courses internationally would do well to consider localisation as an integral part of the conceptualisation process from the outset – rather than as a downstream translation step.

The combination of didactically excellent courses, native-language specialist translation and professionally localised audio and video elements forms the basis for true learning success in multiple languages.
This makes global training programmes consistent, efficient and effective – and fulfils the requirement to make knowledge accessible across the globe without ever compromising on quality.

Get in touch to find out how we can help in ensuring your learning content achieves exactly the international impact you want – we speak your language!

Terminology in the translation process: Why it’s more important than ever in the age of AI

Posted on: October 30th, 2025 by Frank Wöhrle No Comments

Terminology work has always been the key to consistent, high-quality translations. The advent of AI and large language models (LLMs) is fundamentally changing translation processes. But this is precisely what makes terminology even more important.

“AI now translates everything perfectly – so why do we still need terminology management?”
As a language service provider, we are increasingly hearing this question being posed. But anyone who has ever seen how a single mistranslated technical term can distort a product description, manual or marketing message knows that terminology is not a side issue – it is the foundation of high-quality translation.

In the age of LLMs and generative AI, the how of handling terminology is changing. The why, however, remains unchanged.

Why terminology is the backbone of every translation

Terminology is much more than just a dictionary. It defines how a company talks about its products, services and values.

Whether we’re talking about “controllers”, “control modules” or “control units”, the right term ensures recognition, trust and legal certainty.

Without consistent terminology, inconsistencies are bound to arise. In practice, this leads to:

  • different translations for the same term,
  • increased correction effort,
  • unnecessary additional costs, multiplied by the number of target languages,
  • inconsistent brand communication,
  • misunderstandings among customers or users.


Consistent terminology management is crucial for ensuring consistency and precision in the translation process, especially when dealing with high-volume, multilingual content from the fields of technical documentation or marketing.

From glossaries to integrated solutions: Successful translation processes thanks to terminology

In the past, terminology work was often handled outside of the actual translation process – in the form of Excel spreadsheets or static lists. Today, it can be seamlessly integrated into translation management systems (TMS).
This enables:

  • automatic terminology suggestions directly in the CAT tool,
  • terminology checks during translation,
  • centralised maintenance and approval processes.


This makes terminology a living part of the workflow, not just an afterthought during quality control.

How AI and LLMs are changing terminology work

AI systems and LLMs open up new possibilities for maintaining terminology in a more dynamic and intelligent way. Some specific applications may include:

  • AI terminology extraction:
    AI can quickly analyse multilingual texts to automatically recognise relevant technical terms and suggest them as term candidates. This saves time during the creation phase and helps to identify terminology that has not been taken into account previously. However, final validation remains the task of human experts.
  • Building a terminology database:
    If translations or a defined structure have yet to be established, generative AI can support the creation of a terminology database. This allows variants and synonyms to be clustered efficiently, while metadata such as context, grammatical information or suggested definitions are generated automatically. However, the final review and validation stages are still handled by humans.
  • Terminology checks by AI:
    Terminology errors identified by a rule-based check are sent to the AI, where they are evaluated and corrected in their overall context, taking into account additional terminological information.


These new approaches make terminology work faster, more scalable and more data-driven. At the same time, it remains dependent on human validation – because AI does not automatically understand corporate language or brand values.

Limitations and risks: When AI ‘invents’ terms

As powerful as LLMs are, they also pose a real risk. This is because an AI model can:

  • ’hallucinate’ terms – i.e. it can create plausible but incorrect terms,
  • overlook customer-specific requirements if these are not clearly specified in the prompt or system,
  • confidential terminology data is at risk if it is fed into publicly accessible systems.


The conclusion? AI can support, but not decide. Human expertise remains indispensable when deciding whether a term is terminologically correct, brand-compliant and contextually appropriate.

Best practices: How we combine human expertise with the power of AI

As a language service provider, we see the added value in using technology sensibly – not automating everything blindly. Successful terminology work in the age of AI is based on five principles:

  • Centralisation:
    All terminology data belongs in a central database – not in miscellaneous lists scattered far and wide.
  • Integration:
    Terminology must be directly linked to CAT tools so that translators can access it in real time.
  • AI as a support, not a substitute:
    AI tools can assist with research, extraction and checks – but final validation remains in human hands.
  • Security-conscious:
    Sensitive terminology data should only be processed in data protection-compliant, controlled systems.

 

Terminology remains strategic corporate knowledge

Artificial intelligence and large language models are fundamentally changing how we work with language – but they are no substitute for terminology management. When used correctly, they actually make it more efficient and intelligent. Terminology is a company’s linguistic memory.
Particularly in the age of generative AI, clear and well-defined terms are crucial to ensure that man and machine truly speak the same language.

Contact us if you want to build your terminology efficiently, maintain it consistently and optimise it with AI support – we will support you every step of the way.

Learn more about our services in combination with AI for efficient terminology management

tekom annual conference 2025

Posted on: October 7th, 2025 by Frank Wöhrle No Comments

We offer you a warm welcome!

The world’s biggest conference for technical communication will be held in Stuttgart from 11th to 13th November.
Visit us at tekom in the foyer at stand 21 to find out more about our language services, enterprise technologies and all the latest developments.

Your free ticket to the tekom trade fair

We would like to invite you to the tekom annual conference. Simply fill out this form and we will send you your personal trade fair code with which you can register straight away.

Please note:
The trade fair code is only valid for visiting the trade fair. The trade fair ticket is not valid for attending the conference.

STAR AI workshop at tekom (in German)

On 12th November at 4.30 p.m., come along to our STAR workshop entitled “AI as co-pilot?! Successfully navigating language and translation processes with AI assistance” to find out how you can use NMT and LLM technologies efficiently and sustainably for language and translation processes. (Please note that this workshop will be held in German only.)

You can register here

STAR expert demos at our stand (Foyer 21):

Discover live at our stand how you can save time with our solutions – our free demos bring everything to life!

  • Translation services with AI assistance
    Tuesday 11/11, 11.00 a.m. and Wednesday 12/11, 1.00 p.m.
  • Workflow automation and connectivity
    Tuesday 11/11, 4.00 p.m., Wednesday 12/11, 4.00 p.m. and Thursday 13/11, 11.00 a.m.
  • Personalised content delivery
    Tuesday 11/11, 1.00 p.m., Wednesday 12/11, 11.00 a.m. and Thursday 13/11, 1.00 p.m.

Party at our stand on 11/11 from 6 p.m. onwards – drinks, snacks and good conversation!

We cordially invite you to join us for a party at our stand on Tuesday 11th November, starting at 6 p.m. Just drop by – we look forward to spending time with you as the trade fair day draws to a close!

 

We’re looking forward to exchanging interesting ideas with you!

Transit NXT Service Pack 18: Smart functions for translation workflows – now available!

Posted on: September 9th, 2025 by Frank Wöhrle No Comments

With Transit NXT Service Pack 18, the STAR Group is introducing a powerful extension to its translation memory system – a real game changer for professional translators and project managers!

What’s new? – Highlights at a glance

  • Various improvements: The update enhances existing functionalities to make translation even more efficient. A variety of user requests have been implemented
  • Translation of variables in InDesign documents: A particularly exciting addition is that variables in InDesign documents can now be translated directly. This gives translators additional flexibility when dealing with complex layout files.

Why is it worth upgrading to Service Pack 18?

  • Machine translation: DeepL Pro now also supports language variants in glossaries (e.g. for English, Portuguese and Chinese). For Textshuttle, you can now control whether terminology from project dictionaries is transferred to Textshuttle or not.
  • Project exchange: Transit NXT now supports Phrase projects. Users can unpack MXLIFF files directly, translate them and import them back into Phrase.
  • Optimised web search: In the integrated web search, the prioritisation of services has been optimised in order to obtain initial results even faster.

Which stakeholders benefit most from SP 18?

  • Professional translators who frequently work with DTP tools such as InDesign and want to edit the content of variables efficiently.
  • Project managers who want to equip their teams with an even more powerful CAT environment.
  • Companies that strive for high quality, speed and flexibility in localisation.

Follow this link to download the Service Pack

You can find more information at: https://www.star-deutschland.net/en/technology-and-software/software-products/

tekom annual conference 2025 preview

Posted on: July 28th, 2025 by Frank Wöhrle No Comments

In less than 4 months, the next tekom annual conference is set to open in Stuttgart.
The world’s biggest conference for technical communication will be held in Stuttgart from 11th to 13th November.
Come along to find out more about our language services, enterprise technologies and all the latest developments.

STAR’s AI workshop

On 12th November, come along to our STAR workshop entitled “AI as co-pilot?! Successfully navigating language and translation processes with AI assistance” to find out how you can use NMT and LLM technologies efficiently and sustainably for language and translation processes. (Please note that this workshop will be held in German only.)

You can find out more at: https://tcworldconference.tekom.de/conference-program

Secure your ticket now

Secure your ticket for tekom 2025 today at: https://tcworldconference.tekom.de/tickets/buy-ticket

We can’t wait for you to join us for some exciting presentations. We are looking forward to exchanging ideas with you!

STAR at the MT Summit 2025: trends, talking points and innovations

Posted on: July 8th, 2025 by Frank Wöhrle No Comments

This year’s MT Summit was held in Geneva, Switzerland, and featured a diverse programme of tutorials, workshops and inspiring presentations on the topics of machine translation (MT) and large language models (LLMs).

As a platinum sponsor of the event, STAR AG was on site together with three experts from the company’s Development, Support and Sales teams. STAR’s very own Language Technology Consultant, Julian Hamm, also attended the week-long conference to represent the company and took away new ideas and food for thought from research and industry.

While outside the temperatures were soaring, inside the very hottest trends were being presented – by technology providers and representatives from notable companies and institutions in a series of lectures and poster sessions. The dedicated organisation team from the University of Geneva put together a varied programme of events, while also setting the scene for valuable discussions.

Human in the cockpit – man and machine, a skilful combination

Despite staggering progress in the field of generative AI, this MT Summit made one thing clear: it simply doesn’t work without people!

This general philosophy was also key to our sponsored talk, entitled Human in the Cockpit – How GenAI is shaping the localisation industry and what it means for technology and business strategies. In their presentation, Diana Ballard and Julian Hamm demonstrated the influence that generative AI is exerting on the localisation industry, highlighting use cases of particular relevance for the use of AI.

As a longstanding technology and translation partner, STAR understands the precise requirements of users and continuously optimises its own tools and solutions to make them future-proof by means of integrating smart features.

Visitors to the STAR stand were able to get a hands-on experience through live demonstrations, alongside opportunities to speak to our experts about various aspects of AI in practice.
In addition to the integration of big-name LLM systems, such as ChatGPT, the team demonstrated work on smaller local models, including TermFusion, a project optimised for terminology work, which does not call for a dedicated GPU and can therefore be operated with very few resources. Local models will be used to facilitate term extraction from bilingual data records, for instance, or for the intelligent correction of terminology specifications. Using this approach as a basis, other models are currently in development to ensure working in the translation tool is even more efficient.

Artificial intelligence in localisation: it’s here to stay!

Aktuelle Statistiken zur KI-Nutzung in Unternehmen bestätigen, dass diese Entwicklungen nicht nur eine Randerscheinung sind. Vor allem Kundenkontakt, Marketing  und Kommunikation sind vielversprechende Einsatzgebiete, die bereits jetzt intensiv bedient werden.

Survey: Application of generative artificial intelligence in companies in 2025
Published by the Statista Research Department, 20th May 2025

 

Even though the use of AI in localisation still varies a lot, one thing is plain to see: there is no one-size-fits-all solution. After all, only those familiar with the use case who can clearly define the requirements will understand how the technology can be used wisely and sustainably.

After five days of in-depth discussions with representatives from research and industry, we are taking seven important insights away with us:

  • Neural machine translation (NMT) remains the most widely used language technology in localisation processes. Parallel to this, LLMs are increasingly being used to optimise NMT output. NMT technology is increasingly being displaced by LLMs, especially in the research sector.
     
  • Systems and workflows are increasingly geared towards seamless interplay between different translation resources. Translation memories (TM) and terminology databases provide important translation-relevant information and can be scaled up or down to produce better and more consistent translations. Another method establishing itself is retrieval augmented generation (RAG), whereby smaller databases can be used as a reference point for text creation or translation.
     
  • In certain use cases, generic AI models outperform open source models . Customisation in the form of translation rules or automatic terminology adjustments is making its way into many commercial solutions. In the medium to long term, this approach looks set to overtake the earlier method of dedicated training for NMT systems.
     
  • Growing translation volumes alongside the overall squeezing of prices call for the use of intelligent analysis tools to evaluate the added value of using AI and automating processes for the long term. The integration of models for MT quality estimation and the evaluation of translations using suitable metrics, in some cases assisted by an LLM, are particularly relevant at the moment.
     
  • Not all tasks necessarily have to be performed by an LLM, however. There is still a place for conventional rule-based approaches, such as the use of regular expressions in quality assurance, and in some instances, these can actually prove more efficient than LLM-based mechanisms.
     
  • LLMs are already capable of analysing texts at a document level and identifying distant connections. In CAT tools, however, translation is almost always performed at a segment level. Does the technology need rethinking here? While it is evident that creation systems and translation resources are increasingly being merged, this calls for new and innovative approaches for handling translation resources and AI systems.
     
  • More and more content is being created or translated by generative AI. The impact of this is felt in our culture, language and social life, for example through heightened media consumption via social media platforms or the gradual suppression of minority languages. Researchers are currently studying the effects of generative AI on our communication behaviour.

 

Did you miss the MT Summit 2025 and want to find out more about the latest trends?

Watch our webinar recordings now and discover how you can improve translation, terminology and content creation over the long term.

Transit NXT: The underestimated CAT tool that has the professionals convinced

Posted on: July 2nd, 2025 by Frank Wöhrle No Comments

Anyone who regularly works with CAT tools (computer-aided translation software) probably thinks of Trados Studio, memoQ or Across first. One name is often overlooked – and unfairly so: Transit NXT: the underestimated CAT tool from the STAR Group. It is a genuine powerhouse for anyone who wants their work to be structured, consistent and terminology-focused.

What actually is Transit NXT?

Transit is a professional CAT tool that has been on the market since the 1990s. It combines classic segmentation with a project-orientated working method – incorporating translation memory, terminology management, preview options, quality checks and various functions designed specifically for technical documentation.
The extensive and growing portfolio of AI features, which are demonstrated in a series of short videos on our YouTube channel, are not to be missed.

5 reasons why so many professionals have put their trust in Transit NXT for years

1. Up-to-date and contextualised terminology

Transit works seamlessly with TermStar. Live terminology entries are displayed to translators within the editor itself – including the definition, context and source of the term. This extensive integration is a clear benefit over those tools where the terminology often features only in the sidelines.

2. Project structure, not file chaos

Unlike other CAT tools, Transit thinks in terms of projects with a clear-cut file structure. This takes the hard work out of managing big or lengthy translation projects – especially when it comes to regular updates or complex workflows.

3. Need technical formats? No problem with Transit.

Whether DITA, XML, FrameMaker, InDesign or XLIFF – Transit leads the way when it comes to the variety of natively supported file formats. Many other tools need extra modules or conversions to handle these files.

4. Local installation – full data sovereignty

Transit NXT works entirely locally – without any cloud obligations. For companies that have high data protection requirements, this is a crucial advantage over cloud-based solutions.

5. Quality assurance at the highest level

With automated checks, an in-context preview function and variant check, Transit NXT offers precise quality management for an impressive level of efficiency that is especially beneficial for those handling technical content.

 

Transit Software Bedienoberfläche

Who is Transit most suited to?

  • Technical translators working with complex formats.
  • Public authorities, industrial companies and service providers who need to keep sensitive data locally.
  • Freelancers who attach great importance to a reliably maintained terminology.
  • Translation agencies that want an efficient tool for managing large structured projects.

Sound good?

Transit NXT is no entry-level tool – but that is precisely what makes it a great option for anyone who values structure, terminology and format variety.

If you want to see for yourself how Transit works, simply request a non-binding trial version now.

Aspect in Slavic languages – a small difference with a big impact

Posted on: June 24th, 2025 by Frank Wöhrle No Comments

If you have ever had a text translated into Polish, translated it yourself or have had anything else to do with Slavic languages, you may have come across a linguistic phenomenon that we are unfamiliar with in English – aspect. In Polish and other Slavic languages, a verb not only states what happens, but also whether the action is already completed or is still ongoing.
This difference is crucial when it comes to translating – because it can determine whether a sentence achieves the intended effect or is misleading.

Imperfective aspect – when the action is ongoing

The “imperfective aspect” describes an action that is either happening right now, is regularly repeated or is of general, unlimited nature. It doesn’t matter if the action is already completed, the focus is on the process, duration or repetition. This is often a challenge because this nuance is primarily expressed in other languages by tenses or additional adverbs such as “regularly”, “right now”, “usually” or similar.

Example in Polish:

  • czytać (to read – imperfective aspect)
    • Czytałem książkę. (I read/have read a book. /I was reading a book. – The action was in progress or repeated; it is not mentioned whether you are already finished or the end of the book was actually reached. It could also mean “I only started reading but didn’t finish the book”.)
    • Codziennie czytam gazety. (I read newspapers every day. – This is a habit; something that happens repeatedly, irrespective of whether the action is fully completed each time.)

The imperfective aspect may also express unfinished or failed actions, where the focus is on the attempt.

Perfective aspect – when the action is completed

In contrast, the perfective aspect signals that an action was completed and a result has been reached. In this case, the focus is on the completion of an action and an objective or a state being achieved. It’s a one-off, completed action that has reached an end.

Example in Polish:

  • przeczytać (to read through – perfective aspect)
    • Przeczytałem książkę. (I have read through/finished reading the book. – The action has been finished, the end of the book has been reached and there is an outcome.)

In narratives, this means that it’s clear which events have already finished and the story moves forwards. In instructions, reports and legal texts, this aspect can change the tone, focus and even the overall message.

One verb – two faces: Paired aspects

Almost every verb in Polish and other Slavic languages leads a kind of “double life” because it exists in imperfective and perfective forms that each express a certain course of action.
Paired aspects are not formed according to a fixed rule; they are instead based on different morphological units. This often requires people to learn pairs, rather than relying on rigid rules. For each verb in Slavic languages, such as Polish, you need to learn not just one, but two pieces of vocabulary.

Common methods for forming paired aspects include:

  • Prefixation: Adding a prefix to the imperfective stem to express the perfectivity. This is one of the most common methods, e.g. robić (to do – imperfective) → zrobić (to finish/complete – perfective)
    • Robiłem obiad. (I was cooking lunch. – The action was ongoing; I was in the process of preparing the food.)
    • Zrobiłem obiad. (I have prepared/cooked lunch. – The action is finished, lunch is ready and can be served.)

  • Suffixation: Adding a suffix or modifying the stem. This can often bring subtler nuances to the meaning.
    Example: zamykać (to close, imperfective) →  zamknąć (to close, perfective)

  • Changes to the stem: Changing the vowels or consonants in the stem, often accompanied by a prefix.
    Example: brać (to take, imperfective) → wziąć (to take, perfective)
    -> Complete change to the stem: bra-wzi-

  • Suppletive forms: In some cases, there are completely different stems for the imperfective and perfective form.
    Example: iść (to go, perfective) → chodzić (to go, imperfective)
    -> Different stems: iść vs. chodzić

Why aspect is crucial for translations

If you’re translating into Polish, you need to know more than just the right word. You need to understand the perspective of the action – is it currently ongoing, is it completed or is it repeated?

This linguistic phenomenon enables the author of a text to emphasise exactly the part of the action that is to be communicated – whether it be the process itself or the result achieved. This means that Slavic languages are often very precise in what they can express. However, they require non-native speakers to rethink their perception of actions and time when translating and interpreting.

What this means for you

When working with Slavic languages – whether it be for international locations, customers or target markets – aspect is a good example of how complex language is. It also demonstrates how machine translation is often not enough to capture the right tone.

Good translation is not only translating “word for word” but also conveying the right focus, considering the course of action and adopting a change in perspective.

Conclusion

Aspect in Polish (and other Slavic languages) is much more than just grammar – it’s a key way of creating meaning. Without correctly applying the aspect, sentences may be misleading or even falsely interpreted.

As a translation agency, it therefore goes without saying that we need to not only be familiar with these linguistic subtleties, but also to actively incorporate them into our work – so that your texts are understood as they are intended in the target country.

Would you like to know whether your Polish communication is finding the right tone?
We’re happy to assist you.

STAR is a certified SCHEMA ST4 translation service provider

Posted on: May 30th, 2025 by Frank Wöhrle No Comments

We have successfully completed the training to become a certified translation service provider for the SCHEMA ST4 content management system. As such, STAR Deutschland is now an official certified translation service provider for SCHEMA ST4.

What is SCHEMA ST4?

SCHEMA ST4 is a professional content management system that more and more companies are turning to when producing technical documentation. It assists users in the creation, management and publication of multilingual product documentation (manuals, instructions, catalogues, online guides, etc.).

SCHEMA ST4 is an XML-based editing system that separates the layout from the textual content. In technical documentation, this is very beneficial when reusing text fragments and when managing multiple languages and versions.

SCHEMA ST4 finds application in a broad spectrum of industries, e.g. in the automotive sector, in mechanical and plant engineering or in pharmaceuticals. One major benefit of this system lies in the extensive optimisation of the translation process, which in turn reduces costs.

Training content and key training topics

The “Translation Management” training programme covers the various steps of the translation process, namely:

  1. Selecting the right text fragments
  2. Exporting the text content for translation, if necessary using COTI
  3. The subsequent import of the translated content into SCHEMA ST4

The training also offers insights into potential challenges that may be encountered, both in terms of the editing and the translation.

Translation process for SCHEMA ST4 content

The SCHEMA ST4 content management system is one of the most frequently implemented solutions in technical editing among STAR’s customers.

Let us assist you with our in-depth knowledge of the SCHEMA ST4 translation interface and the related processes.

Get in touch now with no obligation!

The Korean language – navigating layers of politeness

Posted on: April 24th, 2025 by Frank Wöhrle No Comments

As a professional language service provider, we encounter the challenges and subtleties of a wide variety of languages each and every day. One language that has been attracting more and more attention in recent years due to economic, cultural and political developments is Korean. Whether through K-pop, South Korean technology companies, or trade relations, interest in the Korean language is growing rapidly. But what makes Korean so special, especially when compared to English?

One of the most striking and complex features of the Korean language is the system of politeness and formality levels. This is where Korean differs fundamentally from English.

In Korean, the social status of the people you are speaking to must be taken into account at all times. These include:

  • Age
  • Professional position
  • Familiarity/closeness with the person
  • Social hierarchy

 

The appropriate politeness level must be selected for each situation. There are several levels, but the most common are:

  1. Informal (low register) (반말 / banmal) – used with friends, family and those with whom you have a close relationship, as well as with children.
  2. Polite (neutral) (존댓말 / jondaetmal) – the standard level of politeness used in most professional and everyday contexts.
  3. Formal (high register) (격식체 / gyeoksikche) – particularly polite, often used in presentations, and when communicating with customers or superiors.

While in modern English we only have one term for “you”, whether speaking to one person or a group of people, from commoners to kings, the Korean language is far more complex! The person’s status and demographic affects not only the personal pronoun, but even the entire sentence structure, vocabulary and verb conjugations, including suffix formation.

For example: The verb “to eat” in different levels of politeness:

  • Informal: 먹어 (meogeo)
  • Polite: 먹어요 (meogeoyo)
  • Formal: 먹습니다 (meokseumnida)
  • Honorific (e.g. showing respect towards elders): 드십니다 (deusimnida)

 

For companies communicating with Korean business partners, choosing the correct level of politeness is not only a linguistic issue, but also a cultural non-negotiable. An incorrect form of address can instantly come across as impolite or disrespectful.
There are also important differences in non-verbal communication: While people in the Anglosphere greet each other with a handshake or a hug, in Korea, the bow is used as a sign of respect.
So, these distinct levels of politeness are not to be taken lightly and once again clearly demonstrate that language is often a mirror of society.

Alphabet and writing system: “Hangul” – simple and ingenious

One of the most fundamental differences between English and Korean is the alphabet. While English is based on the Latin alphabet, Korean uses the so-called “Hangul” or “Hangeul” (한글) alphabet. This writing system was introduced in the 15th century by King Sejong the Great in order to facilitate the general population’s access to the written language, with great success.

Hangul consists of 14 consonants and 10 vowels, which are combined into syllable blocks. This results in a system that is both easy to learn and extremely effective. In contrast to English spelling, which often appears haphazard (compare “cough”, “through” and “bough”, for example), Hangul is largely phonetic: In most cases, the words are pronounced exactly as they are written.

For our work as a language service provider, and also for the many people in Europe who are learning Korean, this means that deciphering Korean characters is not a major hurdle compared to many other non-Latin writing systems. Nevertheless, the correct translation and interpretation depends on the context – especially when it comes to the politeness levels.

A tricky number system – “Hangul” vs. “Hanja”

When “Hangul” was declared the official language of Korea, it replaced the previously used language and writing system, called “Hanja”. Hanja uses Chinese characters and pronunciation to express the Korean language. It was mainly used in academic circles, and Sino-Korean characters can still be found in official documents, such as those used to pass laws. Hangul was mainly spoken by the lower classes and women at that time, who often did not enjoy the education of the upper classes and intellectuals, who favoured Hanja. When Korea was annexed by the Japanese Empire (1910–1945), Hangul temporarily dropped out of favour, with the Japanese imposing their own language and culture.

As a result, Japanese influences can be found alongside Chinese in the Korean language today, and Hanja continues to be an important building block. There are two number systems in Korea, the “pure” Korean number system and the Sino-Korean number system. For example, when taking a photo of someone, you would count in Hangul: “hana, dul, set!”. To arrange an exact time for a meeting, you would use the Sino-Korean numerical unit for the minutes, but give the hours in Hangul: 12:30 would be “yeol-du” (12; pure Korean) “shi” (hour) “sam-ship” (30; Sino-Korean) “bun” (minute). So, Hanja is still an integral part of the Korean language. And it gets even better. If you want to order one bowl of “bulgogi”, for example, a classic Korean meat dish, you must use the pure Korean numerical unit. When ordering two portions of “tteogbokki” – a popular Korean snack made from rice cakes – you must switch back to the Sino-Korean numerical unit. This can get pretty confusing!

Another point of focus – sentence structure, grammar & spelling

A fundamental difference from English lies in the sentence structure. While English usually follows a subject-verb-object pattern (e.g. “I see the dog”), Korean typically uses the subject-object-verb structure (e.g. “I the dog see” – 나는 개를 본다).

In addition, there are no articles in Korean, which means a lot of information in Korean is implicit and depends on the context. For translators, this requires a thorough understanding of both languages in order to achieve coherent results, both culturally and in terms of content.

In principle, male and female pronouns do exist, but apart from a few exceptions, such as in antiquated poetry, they are rarely used. Consequently, you must always pay close attention to the subject in Korean. Once a name is mentioned, it can be assumed that the person will also be the subject of the sentences that follow.

As a logical consequence of the fact that pronouns are not specifically labelled as masculine or feminine, unlike in English, there is no gender debate, at least not a linguistic one. Instead, context and social factors are used to signal gender and other social roles.

Furthermore, Korean verbs and nouns do not have a grammatical number. Whether something is singular or plural is simply not considered that important in Korean; the plural is only used explicitly if this is important in a given situation and should be emphasised.

It is hard to imagine the English language without agreement between the nouns, pronouns and verbs to indicate number!

Vocabulary and loan words – old and new combined

The Korean vocabulary combines native terms, Sino-Korean words (borrowed from Chinese) and modern loan words, mainly from English. Just like English, words in Korean have varied origins.

There is one difference: Many loan words are phonetically adapted in Korean – for example, “computer” becomes 컴퓨터 (keompyuteo). And everyday terms such as 커피 (keopi) for “coffee” or 핸드폰 (haendeupon) for “mobile phone” (“hand-phone”), are also common.

For professional translations, it is essential to know the origin and usage of a term. Especially in technical, legal or medical texts, seemingly small differences can instantly make a big difference in meaning.

Context is everything – subject and object are overrated

Another difference to English is the importance of context-based communication. In Korean sentences, the subject or object is often simply omitted if this is clear from the context.

For example:

  • “I’m eating now” – 이제 먹어요 (ije meogeoyo), literally: “Now eating.”
  • “Do you like coffee?” – 커피 좋아해요? (keopi joahaeyo?), literally: “Coffee like?”

 

In English, such constructions would immediately be perceived as incomplete. In Korean, on the other hand, they are considered completely natural. This type of communication requires a keen sense of the cultural and situational context when translating.

In summary: Korean – more than just a language

Korean is a deeply expressive language with a distinctive writing system. Anyone who learns the language, which is spoken by more than 81 million native speakers, will also gain a deep insight into the culture, history and traditions of the country. The differences to English range from grammar and sentence structure to its distinct layers of politeness.
For language service providers and companies with business relations to Korea, this means that successful translations and language training not only require in-depth linguistic knowledge, but also intercultural expertise.

We are happy to support you in your professional context – simply get in touch!